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Poverty Alleviation: Is It Only Tilting at the Windmills?
Mediation of Personality Influences on Physical Activity within the Theory of Planned Behaviour
This study estimated the effect of extraversion, conscientiousness and variables from a modified two-component Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) on prospective self-reported physical activity (N = 397). Mediation analysis using structural equation modelling with bootstrapping suggested that only conscientiousness had significant effects on intention and behaviour. Affective attitude and perceived behavioural control partially mediated the effect on intention. The effect on behaviour was significantly mediated by TPB variables consistent with partial or total mediation. The modified TPB mediates the effects of conscientiousness on intention and behaviour; it is unclear whether it is sufficient to mediate all of the effect on behaviour.
Identifying Parents’ Perceptions about Physical Activity: A Qualitative Exploration of Salient Behavioural, Normative and Control Beliefs among Mothers and Fathers of Young Children
Drawing on the belief-based framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, this study employs qualitative methodology involving individual and group interviews to examine the beliefs associated with regular physical activity performance among parents of young children (N = 40). The data were analysed using thematic content analysis. A range of advantages (e.g. improves parenting practices), disadvantages (e.g. interferes with commitments), barriers (e.g. time), and facilitators (e.g. social support) to performing physical activity are identified. Normative pressures are also identified as affecting parents’ activity behaviour. These identified beliefs can be used to inform interventions to challenge inactivity among this at-risk group.
Women’s Depressive Symptoms during the Transition to Motherhood: The Role of Competence, Relatedness, and Autonomy
This study investigates the longitudinal pattern of reciprocal relations between mothers’ perceived satisfaction of their needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy and depressive symptoms during the transition to motherhood. Participants were 331 women assessed during their pregnancy and two and five months after delivery. Results based on structural equation modeling provide some support for the effect of perceived needs satisfaction on subsequent depressive symptoms during the postpartum period. In addition, it appears that prior postpartum depressive symptoms account for subsequent psychological needs satisfaction. Discussion centers on the theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the results.
The Role of Religiosity, Social Support, and Stress-related Growth in Protecting Against HIV Risk among Transgender Women
Transgender women completed questionnaires of religiosity, social support, stigma, stress-related growth, and sexual risk behavior. In a multivariate model, both social support and religious stress-related growth were significant negative predictors of unprotected anal sex, but religious behaviors and beliefs emerged as a significant positive predictor. The interaction between religious behaviors and beliefs and social support was also significant, and post-hoc analyses indicated that high-risk sex was least likely among individuals with high-levels of social support but low levels of religious behaviors and beliefs. These data have important implications for understanding factors that might protect against HIV risk for transgender women.
Development and Psychometric Properties of the Transformational Teaching Questionnaire
We draw from transformational leadership theory (Bass & Riggio, 2006) to develop a reliable and valid measure of transformational teaching, for use within school-based physical education contexts. In Phase 1, we utilized established instrument development procedures, involving teachers, students, and experts in transformational leadership theory to ensure that items exhibited sound content validity, and were developmentally appropriate. In Phase 2, multilevel confirmatory factor analytic procedures with 2761 adolescents supported the factorial validity of the Transformational Teaching Questionnaire. In Phase 3, concurrent validity of the TTQ was supported by positive relationships between transformational teaching and adolescent self-determined motivation and positive affect.