Infographics (3,486 posts)

UC Berkeley Social Welfare Professor Jill Berrick, another panelist whose research focuses on child welfare systems, responded that maltreated children, whether at home or in foster care, are more likely to experience problems with substance abuse and depression and are likely to die younger.

The diagnosis of depression involves three components: (1) eliciting the symptoms that form a depressive episode; (2) determining their severity and the functional impairment that they cause; and (3) mapping their longitudinal course over the duration of an episode, as well as the illness as a whole. Depressive episodes usually last several weeks and can last several months if untreated. After remission, symptoms can re-emerge (relapse) before functional recovery and even then, further long-term episodes of depression (recurrence) remain likely. Scores and categories drawn from UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.25 PHQ-9=Patient Health Questionnaire-9. *Hopelessness is only specified in ICD-11 and not in DSM-5-TR.

Figure 1.Forms of agency exercised in poverty (Lister 2021: 129). The figure presents a four-quadrant model by Ruth Lister (2021) illustrating the forms of agency exercised in poverty. Agency is divided horizontally between Personal—Political and vertically between Everyday—Strategic, which creates four quadrants of agency. Top left quadrant (Everyday—Personal) is ‘Getting by’, top right quadrant (Everyday—Political) is ‘Getting back (at)’, bottom left quadrant (Strategic—Personal) is ‘Getting out’ and bottom right quadrant (Strategic—Political) is ‘Getting organised’.

Annual statistics for England on serious incidents that involve death or serious harm to a child due to abuse or neglect, and any death of a lookedafter child.