Infographics (4,826 posts)

William Foege, who sadly died this week, is one of the reasons why this map ends in the 1970s.

The physician and epidemiologist is best known for his pivotal role in the global strategy to eradicate smallpox, a horrific disease estimated to have killed 300 million people.

Despite the world having an effective vaccine for more than a century, smallpox was still widespread across many parts of Africa and Asia in the mid-20th century.

Foege played a crucial role in developing the “ring vaccination strategy”, which focused on vaccinating people around each identified case, rather than attempting a population-wide vaccination strategy, which was difficult in countries with limited resources.

This strategy, combined with increased global funding efforts and support for local health programs, paved the way: country after country declared itself free of smallpox. You can see this drop-off through the decades in the map.

The disease was declared globally eradicated in 1980.

William Foege and his colleagues’ contributions are credited with saving millions, if not tens of millions of lives.

In 2000, less than 10% of the population in Indonesia had access to clean cooking fuels. This is now over 90%, as the chart shows.

Clean cooking fuels are those that, when burned, emit less than the World Health Organization’s recommended amounts of air pollutants. They reduce the burden of air pollution — and its health impacts — for the households that use them.

In 2007, the Indonesian government launched a national program to move from kerosene cooking fuels to liquefied petroleum gas.

This shift has greatly reduced particulate pollution and improved health outcomes. Death rates from indoor air pollution have fallen steeply.

Several data sources show that theft in England and Wales has declined in recent decades.

One of those is police records — but they only capture reported crimes, and many people don’t report thefts. So it’s also important to draw on a second data source. The data we show here comes from reports based on face-to-face interviews with a representative sample of the population. In these interviews, the public is asked about their personal experiences of crimes in the previous 12 months.

On this chart, we’ve broken down the numbers by four different types of theft.

You can see a dramatic drop in vehicle-related thefts. These peaked in 1995, with an estimated 4.3 million incidents in England and Wales. While some of these incidents involved the actual stealing of a vehicle, many were either attempted break-ins or the theft of specific components, such as radios.

Burglaries — which involve someone breaking into a building to steal — also peaked in the mid-1990s.

Both types of incidents have decreased by more than 80% since then.

Pickpocketing or “snatching” has been more persistent. These crimes have decreased slightly from the 1990s and early 2000s, but have also experienced an increase in recent years.

Back in 1980, stomach cancer was the type of cancer that someone in Japan was most likely to die from. Its death rate — the number of deaths per 100,000 people — was over twice as high as the next largest killer, lung cancer.

But this is no longer the case. Since then, death rates from stomach cancer have dropped by more than 70%. You can see this change, compared to other cancers, in the chart.

While death rates of some other cancers have also fallen, these declines have been much smaller. Some types even saw an increase in death rates over these four decades.

Improvements in prevention, detection, and treatment have all contributed to this huge decrease in stomach cancer death rates. Stomach cancer is often caused by a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori; better hygiene and food safety have reduced its spread. Early screening for the infection has also made a big difference to survival rates.

This progress is not unique to Japan. Many countries, and the world as a whole, have seen a huge reduction in stomach cancer mortality.

Note that these death rates are age-standardized, which means they hold the age structure of the population constant. This allows us to understand how the risks of someone of a given age have changed over time.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the social and economic disruption that it left behind, suicide rates in Lithuania increased rapidly. They climbed in the early 1990s and reached a peak in 1995. At 45 suicide deaths per 100,000 people, the country had one of the highest rates in the world.

But in the last few decades, rates have more than halved. You can see this in the chart.

Several factors likely contributed to the decline. Economic conditions improved, with average incomes more than doubling over just a decade from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s and continuing to rise thereafter. In 2007, the country launched its first National Mental Health Strategy. A decade ago, it also developed a Suicide Prevention Bureau and a Suicide Prevention Action Plan.

This progress has saved many lives. Yet today it still has some of the highest rates in the world. That’s because suicide rates have not only fallen strongly in Lithuania, but in many countries — estimates for the global suicide rate suggest a 40% decline since 1995.