Happiness and Unhappiness in the Developing World: Life Satisfaction Among Sex Workers, Dump-Dwellers, Urban Poor, and Rural Peasants in Nicaragua

Little in-depth research exists on subjective well-being (SWB) in the developing world, especially among the poor and extremely
poor. Biswas-Diener and Diener (Soc Indic Res 55:329–352, 2001) employed a study design in the slums of Calcutta, India to address this gap in SWB research. They found slightly negative
global SWB but slightly positive domain specific satisfaction in their sample. The current study employs the same paradigm
and investigates the SWB of female sex workers, city dump dwellers, and urban and rural poor in Nicaragua, Central America.
The current study was able to replicate the Biswas-Diener and Diener (Soc Indic Res 55:329–352, 2001) finding of slightly negative SWB for marginalized urban groups. In addition, an overall model for predicting SWB was constructed
using personality dispositions, objective income, social support, and social rootedness as predictors. Social support and
objective income were the only significant predictors in the model but more zero order relations existed. Additionally, this
study contrasted urban poor versus rural poor and found no significant SWB differences.