Gender gap in health expectancy

Men have higher death rates than women, but women do worse with regard to physical strength, disability, and other health
outcomes, the so called male–female health-survival paradox. The paradox is likely to be due to multiple causes that include
biological, behavioral, and social differences between the sexes. Despite decades of research on the male–female health-survival
paradox, we still do not fully recognize whether behavioral factors explain most of the gender gap or whether biological and
social differences contribute more substantially to the explanation of the sex differences in health and mortality. Little
work has been done to investigate the magnitude of sex differences in healthy life expectancy and unhealthy life expectancy,
as well as to examine the contribution of mortality and disability levels to the sex gap in health expectancy. The five selected
works presented at the Réseau Espérance de Vie en Santé (REVES) Meeting 2009 in Copenhagen, and published in this issue, provide
new insights into sex differences in health expectancy. The papers examine sex differences in health expectancy indicators
in the EU countries, as well as trends in health expectancy in Hong Kong and in the US. They go beyond description of sex
differences in health expectancy and assess the contributions of mortality and disability to gender differences in healthy
life years and unhealthy life years, investigate temporal changes in sex differential health expectancy, as well as analyze
contributions of time and age dimensions to the gender gap. They also show that there is still work to be done to indentify
and quantify mechanisms underlying sex differences in longevity, health, and aging.