Confidence Mediates the Sex Difference in Mental Rotation Performance

On tasks that require the mental rotation of 3-dimensional figures, males typically exhibit higher accuracy than females.
Using the most common measure of mental rotation (i.e., the Mental Rotations Test), we investigated whether individual variability
in confidence mediates this sex difference in mental rotation performance. In each of four experiments, the sex difference
was reliably elicited and eliminated by controlling or manipulating participants’ confidence. Specifically, confidence predicted
performance within and between sexes (Experiment 1), rendering confidence irrelevant to the task reliably eliminated the sex
difference in performance (Experiments 2 and 3), and manipulating confidence significantly affected performance (Experiment
4). Thus, confidence mediates the sex difference in mental rotation performance and hence the sex difference appears to be
a difference of performance rather than ability. Results are discussed in relation to other potential mediators and mechanisms,
such as gender roles, sex stereotypes, spatial experience, rotation strategies, working memory, and spatial attention.