This review summarizes recent research on the epidemiology of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), including prevalence, diagnostic criteria, drivers of food avoidance, comorbidities, and illness course. It focuses on studies published in 2024 and the first half of 2025, with selected key studies from 2021 to 2023.
Recent findings
ARFID is as prevalent as other eating disorders, with estimates of 12.0% in clinical and 2.84% in nonclinical populations. It affects individuals across all age groups, confirming it as an age-independent condition. Most individuals with ARFID present with sensory sensitivity and/or low appetite, and restricted intake often results in weight loss and psychosocial impairment. Comorbidities are common and span medical, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions. Several studies highlight issues with the current diagnostic criteria – particularly the exclusion of ARFID alongside other eating disorders – prompting discussions about potential revisions. Research on illness course is scarce and robust longitudinal (cohort) studies are lacking.
Summary
ARFID is marked by considerable heterogeneity affecting prevalence estimates and distribution of clinical presentation characteristics. To ensure accurate diagnosis and optimal outcomes, further research is needed – particularly to clarify diagnostic boundaries, overlap with other eating disorders, and long-term course and its predictors.