Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, Vol 35(3), Sep 2025, 163-179; doi:10.1037/int0000357
The aim of this study was to develop a complex dynamic system (CDS) model of the therapeutic alliance and compare it to the currently dominant latent state–trait (LST) model. A clinical example of a state of alliance rupture and repair is analyzed in terms of a LST model and a CDS model. Then, the implications of these two models in their application to clinical research and practice are compared. Adopting a CDS perspective offers significant advantages over the LST approach. Specifically, it provides stronger clinical face validity, aligns with Bordin’s (1979) conceptualization of the alliance, accounts for the interaction of state and trait alliance, and assures conceptual independence between causal entities. By examining the interactions among observable reactions, the coordination of these reactions into patterns that form alliance states, and how iterative state changes reshape the trait alliance landscape of attractor states, the CDS perspective offers actionable clinical recommendations across all three levels. However, CDS and LST hybrid theories are possible and may have merit. The CDS perspective provides a holistic approach that requires a specification of all influential components of the target system—the disorder addressed—and of the therapy system—the extended system of therapeutic components. It leads to a research program for developing models of therapeutic systems case by case using qualitative and quantitative methods. It also provides precise tests of complete models, including comparison of mathematically derived simulations to real-world data and empirical testing by newly developed network analytic methods. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)