The Family Journal, Ahead of Print.
As ethnic diversity grows within the United States, so does the need for understanding ethnic identity (EI), which develops through ethnic socialization (ES). In a family context, this is known as familial ethnic socialization (FES), whereas parental ethnic socialization (PES) refers to ethnically socializing one’s children. This study explores differences and similarities in EI, FES, and PES between ethnic majority, minority, and multiracial groups. It also introduces PES as an emerging construct in EI research.