The current study compared general, work‐specific, and work‐role measures of conscientiousness as predictors of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, job engagement, and task performance. As expected, work‐role conscientiousness yielded stronger relationships with five of the ten work‐related criteria than general conscientiousness, and with six of the ten criteria than work‐specific conscientiousness. More importantly, work‐role conscientiousness displayed incremental validity in predicting nearly all work‐related criteria, when controlling for general and work‐specific conscientiousness alone or in combination. It is also worth noting that six of ten analyses found that work‐role conscientiousness demonstrated greater relative importance compared to its counterparts. Finally, we found that the context in which the items were completed moderated the relationships between work‐role conscientiousness and two work‐related criteria (i.e., job satisfaction and organizational commitment). Together, these results suggest that researchers should consider the work‐role measure of conscientiousness in the prediction of work criteria.