• 59 percent of child-only TANF units include ineligible parents; children living with nonparental caregivers, usually grandparents, make up 41 percent.
• The intersection between TANF and child welfare policies is critical since evidencesuggests that from one-third to one-half of children in nonparental child-only units have had some contact with child protective services.
• The subgroups of parental child-only TANF cases are distinct and point to the need for tailored solutions.
• The evidence, while limited, suggests that these children are at risk, yet their familiesreceive few services.