green left | Hutomo/Wikimedia
These mobilisations have emerged largely outside of Indonesia’s acknowledged reformasi social movements that, since the mid 2000s, are often organised in NGOs with access to funding and recognition by the government as “legitimate” representatives of civil society. Many of the new street protests have a distinct class character, involving students and gig economy workers from poor backgrounds, as well as workers and farmers, many with previous experiences in conflict with state and private companies.