ABSTRACT
Existing research suggests that physical access to food can affect diet quality and thus obesity rates. When defining retail food environment (RFE) quantitatively, there is a little agreement on how to measure ‘lack of healthy food’ and what parameters to use, resulting in a heterogeneity of study designs and outcome measures. In turn, this leads to a conflicting evidence base being one of the many barriers to using evidence in policy-making. This systematic review aimed to identify and describe methods used to assess food accessibility in the United Kingdom (UK) to overcome heterogeneity by providing a classification of measures. The literature search included electronic and manual searches of peer-reviewed literature and was restricted to studies published in English between January 2010 and March 2021. A total of 9,365 articles were assessed for eligibility, of which 44 articles were included in the review. All included studies were analysed with regards to their main characteristics (e.g., associations between variables of interest, setting, sample, design, etc.) and definition of RFE and its metrics. When defining these metrics, the present review distinguishes between a point of origin (centroid, address) from which distance was calculated, summary statistic of accessibility (proximity, buffer, Kernel), and definition of distance (Euclidean, network distance). Trends, gaps and limitations are identified and recommendations made for food accessibility research in UK. In summary, multiple theoretical and methodological constructs are currently used, mostly quantifying distance by means of Euclidean and ring-buffer distance, using both proximity- and density-based approaches, and ranging from absolute to relative measures. In order to render this ongoing heterogeneity, researchers should prioritise measures that may provide a more accurate and realistic account of people’s lives and follow an intuitive approach based on convergence of results until consensus could be reached on using some useful standards.
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