Abstract
Background and aims
Originally developed for clinical screening for hazardous alcohol use, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test – Consumption (AUDIT-C) is also widely used in epidemiological research and monitoring. However, its cutoff values may not suit all purposes, and evidence on its predictive validity is limited. We examined how AUDIT-C scores relate to subsequent register-based alcohol-attributable events across age and sex and identified optimal thresholds for predicting these outcomes.
Design
Five general population surveys conducted in 2011–2017, linked to nationwide registers with follow-up until the end of 2023 (total follow-up 879 964 person-years).
Setting
Nationwide, Finland.
Participants
Adults aged ≥20 years (n = 103 567).
Measurements
AUDIT-C to assess exposure. Outcome: incident alcohol-attributable events in any of the registers capturing care, deaths and prescription medicines (n = 1444).
Findings
The hazard of register-based alcohol-attributable events increased approximately exponentially with increasing AUDIT-C score. It rose more strongly among women than men [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.55–1.67 for women; HR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.40–1.49 for men; P < 0.001 for the sex × AUDIT-C interaction]. The risk of alcohol-attributable events was statistically significantly raised at 2 points among women and 3 points among men with 1 point as a reference level. The suggested optimal cutoff values were 2 points for women aged ≥80, 3 points for women aged 65–79 and men aged ≥80, 5 points for women aged 20–64 and men aged 65–79 and 6 points for men aged 20–64.
Conclusions
Using Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test – Consumption (AUDIT-C) scores, optimal cutoff values for predicting alcohol-attributable harm may differ by age and sex, with lower cutoffs for older individuals and women. The ≥65 age group appears to be heterogeneous with regard to vulnerability to alcohol-attributable harm, which should be considered when establishing cutoffs or guidelines for alcohol use.