Abstract
The primary aim of this study is to examine whether racial disparities exist in the use of physical or chemical restraints in the emergency department (ED). The secondary aim is to explore if there are disparities in type or intensity of restraint. We examined ED encounters for acute mental health crises from a single health system over a 3-year period. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine associations of race/ethnicity with primary outcomes of physical and/or chemical restraint and a measure of restraint intensity among patients physically restrained. The study sample included 18,938 ED encounters with completed psychiatric consultations representing 13,316 unique patients. Restraint use was experienced by one-third of the sample (32.6%): 27.9% chemical restraint, 0.8% physical restraint, 3.9% both physical and chemical. In adjusted logistic regression models, odds of chemical restraint were lower for non-Hispanic (NH) Black (OR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.93), NH Asian (OR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.83), and Hispanic (OR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.95) patients relative to NH White, with no difference for NH American Indian and multiracial. In the models assessing physical restraint use, there were no statistically significant differences by race/ethnicity. Among patients who were physically restrained, there were no differences in the adjusted models of high versus low intensity of the restraint type used. Among ED patients at high risk for restraint, patients of minority race/ethnicity were not found to have increased likelihood of restraint or intensity of restraint.