This special issue of Journal of Pediatric Psychology highlights important work being conducted at the intersection of child health psychology, neuropsychology, and neuroscience. Understanding neural processes related to pediatric health holds promise for improving pediatric psychology theory, designing targeted interventions, and improving practice in a variety of areas, including health behavior, health perceptions, and disease self-management. Neural processes represent important mediators of health behavior, and their relevance to health outcomes has been well documented. For example, executive functions, which are mediated by prefrontal cortical areas and frontal–subcortical white matter connections, have implications for illness self-management, health risk and prevention behaviors, and adaptation and resilience in the face of medical stressors (Allom, Mullan, & Hagger, 2016; Nigg, 2017). Furthermore, pediatric health is influenced by neurodevelopmental processes, including protracted development of brain structures that support executive functions, throughout childhood and adolescence (Posner, Rothbart, Sheese, & Voelker 2014). Indeed, development in neural processes greatly influences the variation in health behaviors among children and across the developmental transition to adulthood.