The Relations among Maternal Depressive Disorder, Maternal Expressed Emotion, and Toddler Behavior Problems and Attachment

Direct and indirect relations among maternal depression, maternal Expressed Emotion (EE: Self- and Child-Criticism), child
internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and child attachment were examined. Participants were mothers with depression (n = 130) and comparison mothers (n = 68) and their toddlers (M age = 20 mo.; 53% male). Assessments included the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (maternal depression); the Five Minute Speech
Sample (EE); the Child Behavior Checklist (toddler behavior problems); the Strange Situation (child attachment). Direct relations
were significant linking: 1) maternal depression with both EE and child functioning; 2) Child-Criticism with child internalizing
and externalizing symptoms; 3) Self-Criticism with child attachment. Significant indirect relations were found linking maternal
depression with: 1) child externalizing behaviors via Child-Criticism; 2) child internalizing behaviors via Self- and Child-Criticism;
and 3) child attachment via Self-Criticism. Findings are consistent with a conceptual model in which maternal EE mediates
relations between maternal depression and toddler socio-emotional functioning.