Leadership and Stress Orientations of Germans: An Examination Based on Gender, Age, and Government Work Experience

Today’s working adults often display different leadership orientations, as well as moderate to severe levels of stress depending
on the situation and various demographic traits. In order to explore the stress, task orientation and relationship orientation
variables of German people, this study examined the differences of 232 respondents in Germany based on their gender, age,
and public sector work experience. The results showed that respondents had dissimilar scores on their leadership orientations.
Younger respondents had significantly lower task and relationship orientation scores. Furthermore, females reported having
a significantly higher level of stress perception. These findings are useful for expatriate managers and professionals who
work with German-born workers. Besides, relevant literature on the German culture, suggestions and implications for future
studies are presented.