From well-being to positive mental health: conceptualization and qualitative development of an instrument in Singapore

There is no global definition of well-being. Cultural differences in the perception of well-being and the social and behavioral
contexts further limit its measurement. Existing instruments are developed in Western societies that differ in their conceptualization
of well-being from Asian populations. Moreover, very few instruments address the multidimensional construct of well-being.

Literature was reviewed to develop a priori conceptual framework of mental health and well-being. Concepts were identified
based on specific criteria to guide the qualitative investigations. Finally, focus group discussions were conducted among
adults belonging to the three major ethnicities in Singapore to identify salient domains of mental health and well-being.

Mental well-being is a multidimensional construct constituting of positive affect, satisfaction, and psychological functioning.
While well-being explains the functional and psychological components, positive mental health is a combination of these and
the skills required to achieve them. Although there is an overlap between the concepts identified from the literature and
those identified in Singapore, certain differences existed, particularly with the relevance attributed to family interactions
and religiosity or spirituality. Similar findings were observed across the three ethnic groups.

Domains identified can be used to develop a culturally relevant instrument in Singapore.