Effects of Gender-Related Domain Violations and Sexual Orientation on Perceptions of Male and Female Targets: An Analogue Study

The current study examined factors that influenced heterosexual male and female raters’ evaluations of male and female targets
who were gay or heterosexual, and who displayed varying gender roles (i.e., typical vs. atypical) in multiple domains (i.e.,
activities, traits, and appearance). Participants were 305 undergraduate students from a private, midwestern Jesuit institution
who read vignettes describing one of 24 target types and then rated the target on possession of positive and negative characteristics,
psychological adjustment, and on measures reflecting the participants’ anticipated behavior toward or comfort with the target.
Results showed that gender atypical appearance and activity attributes (but not traits) were viewed more negatively than their
gender typical counterparts. It was also found that male participants in particular viewed gay male targets as less desirable
than lesbian and heterosexual male targets. These findings suggest a nuanced approach for understanding sexual prejudice,
which incorporates a complex relationship among sex, gender, sexual orientation, and domain of gendered attributes.