Abstract
Purpose
The diagnosis of insomnia is based on the presence of four different symptoms: difficulty in initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty
in maintaining sleep (DMS), early morning awakening (EMA), and non-restorative sleep (NRS). This study investigated the differences
in sociodemographic correlates and psychiatric comorbidity between the four symptoms of insomnia in the general population
of South Korea.
in maintaining sleep (DMS), early morning awakening (EMA), and non-restorative sleep (NRS). This study investigated the differences
in sociodemographic correlates and psychiatric comorbidity between the four symptoms of insomnia in the general population
of South Korea.
Methods
A sample of the population aged 18–64 (N = 6,510) was questioned using a face-to-face interview. Insomnia was defined as having at least one of the four following
symptoms three or more times per week: DIS, DMS, EMA, and NRS. Psychiatric disorders were evaluated using the Korean version
of Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Logistic regression analysis was used to test each of the sleep outcomes
(DIS, DMS, EMA, or NRS) for an association with sociodemographic and clinical variables.
symptoms three or more times per week: DIS, DMS, EMA, and NRS. Psychiatric disorders were evaluated using the Korean version
of Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Logistic regression analysis was used to test each of the sleep outcomes
(DIS, DMS, EMA, or NRS) for an association with sociodemographic and clinical variables.
Results
The prevalence of DIS, DMS, EMA, and NRS were 7.9 % (95 % CI 6.6–9.5 %), 7.9 % (95 % CI 6.5–9.6 %), 4.9 % (95 % CI 3.9–6.0 %),
and 14.8 % (95 % CI 12.6–17.4 %), respectively. The overall prevalence of insomnia was 19.0 % (95 % CI 16.1–22.2 %). Being
separated, divorced, or widowed, being single, having a part-time job, having a psychiatric illness, and having a physical
illness were all significantly related to insomnia. Older age also increased the risk of DMS and EMA, and younger age was
a risk factor for NRS. The presence of most psychiatric disorders was significantly related to insomnia. However, the relationship
between the psychiatric illness and each insomnia symptom varied and was dependent on the insomnia symptom.
and 14.8 % (95 % CI 12.6–17.4 %), respectively. The overall prevalence of insomnia was 19.0 % (95 % CI 16.1–22.2 %). Being
separated, divorced, or widowed, being single, having a part-time job, having a psychiatric illness, and having a physical
illness were all significantly related to insomnia. Older age also increased the risk of DMS and EMA, and younger age was
a risk factor for NRS. The presence of most psychiatric disorders was significantly related to insomnia. However, the relationship
between the psychiatric illness and each insomnia symptom varied and was dependent on the insomnia symptom.
Conclusions
Most psychiatric disorders were significantly associated with each insomnia symptom in different ways. Differences in sociodemographic
and clinical correlates between the four insomnia symptoms implied the heterogeneous characteristics of insomnia as defined
by the current diagnostic criteria.
and clinical correlates between the four insomnia symptoms implied the heterogeneous characteristics of insomnia as defined
by the current diagnostic criteria.
- Content Type Journal Article
- Category Original Paper
- Pages 1-15
- DOI 10.1007/s00127-012-0502-0
- Authors
- Byung-Soo Kim, Department of Psychiatry, Bucheon Medical Center for the Elderly, Bucheon-si, South Korea
- Hong Jin Jeon, Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Jin Pyo Hong, Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Jae Nam Bae, Department of Psychiatry, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
- Jun-Young Lee, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Sung Man Chang, Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
- Young-Moon Lee, Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Korea
- Jungwoo Son, Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, South Korea
- Maeng Je Cho, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongeon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744 South Korea
- Journal Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Online ISSN 1433-9285
- Print ISSN 0933-7954