Background:
Intimate partner violence against women is a prevailing public health problem in Tanzania, where four of ten women have a lifetime exposure to physical or sexual violence by their male partners. To be able to suggest relevant and feasible community and health care based interventions, we explored community members’ understanding and their response to intimate partner violence.
Methods:
A qualitative study using focus group discussions with 75 men and women was conducted in a community setting of urban Tanzania. We analyzed data using a grounded theory approach and relate our findings to the ecological framework of intimate partner violence.
Results:
The analysis resulted in one core category "Moving from frustration to questioning traditional gender norms" that denoted a community in transition, where the effects of intimate partner violence had started to fuel a wish for change. At the societal level the category "Justified as part of male prestige" illustrated how masculinity prevails to justify violence. At the community level the category "Viewed as discreditable and unfair" indicated community recognition of intimate partner violence as a human rights concern while at the relationship level the category "Results in emotional entrapment" shows the shame and self-blame that is often the result of a violent relationship. At the individual level the risk factors for intimtae partner violence were primarily associated with male characteristics; the category "Fed up with passivity" emerged as an indication that community members also acknowledge their own responsibility for change in actions.
Conclusions:
Prevailing gender norms in Tanzania accept women’s subordination and justify male violence towards women. At the individual level, an increasing openness makes it possible for women to report, ask for help, and become proactive in suggesting preventive measures. At the community level there is an increased willingness to intervene but further conciousness raising of the human human rights perspective of violence as well as engaging men. At the macro level, efforts must be prioritized through re-enforcement of legal rights, and provision of adequate medical and social welfare services for both survivors and perpetrators.