The Demographic, System, and Psychosocial Origins of Mammographic Screening Disparities: Prediction of Initiation Versus Maintenance Screening Among Immigrant and Non-Immigrant Women

Disparities in breast screening are well documented. Less clear are differences within groups of immigrant and non-immigrant
minority women or differences in adherence to mammography guidelines over time. A sample of 1,364 immigrant and non-immigrant
women (African American, English Caribbean, Haitian, Dominican, Eastern European, and European American) were recruited using
a stratified cluster-sampling plan. In addition to measuring established predictors of screening, women reported mammography
frequency in the last 10 years and were (per ACS guidelines at the time) categorized as never, sub-optimal (<1 screen/year),
or adherent (1+ screens/year) screeners. Multinomial logistic regression showed that while ethnicity infrequently predicted
the never versus sub-optimal comparison, English Caribbean, Haitian, and Eastern European women were less likely to screen
systematically over time. Demographics did not predict the never versus sub-optimal distinction; only regular physician, annual
exam, physician recommendation, and cancer worry showed effects. However, the adherent categorization was predicted by demographics,
was less likely among women without insurance, a regular physician, or an annual exam, and more likely among women reporting
certain patterns of emotion (low embarrassment and greater worry). Because regular screening is crucial to breast health,
there is a clear need to consider patterns of screening among immigrant and non-immigrant women as well as whether the variables
predicting the initiation of screening are distinct from those predicting systematic screening over time.