Abstract
Aims: To determine whether substituting Seeking Safety (SS), a manualized therapy for comorbid substance use disorders (SUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), for part of treatment as usual (TAU) improves substance use outcomes. Design: Randomized controlled effectiveness trial. Settings: Outpatient Veterans Administration Health Care System SUD clinic. Participants: 98 male military Veterans with a SUD and co-occurring PTSD symptomatology. Measurements: Drug and alcohol use and PTSD severity, measured at the first day of treatment, and three- (i.e., the planned end of SS sessions), and six-months following the baseline assessment. Treatment attendance and patient satisfaction were measured following treatment (3-month follow-up). Active coping was measured at treatment intake and following treatment. Findings: SS compared to TAU was associated with better drug use outcomes, but alcohol use and PTSD severity decreased equally under both treatments. SS versus TAU was associated with increased treatment attendance, client satisfaction and active coping. However, neither these factors nor decreases in PTSD severity mediated the effect of treatment on drug use. Conclusions: The manualised treatment approach for substance use disorder, Seeking Safety, is well received and associated with better drug use outcomes than ‘treatment as usual′ in male veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. However, the mechanism of its effect is unclear.