Changes in drug use are associated with health-related quality of life improvements among methadone maintenance patients with HIV/AIDS

This longitudinal study assessed the changes in drug use patterns and health-related quality of life (HRQL) among HIV-positive
drug users in the first methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) cohort in Vietnam.

A secondary analysis was conducted on 370 HIV-positive drug users (age: mean ± SD: 29.5 ± 5.9 years; 95.7% men). Modified
WHOQOL-BREF, self-report, and opioid confirmatory urine tests were used to assess HRQL and drug use behaviours at baseline,
3, 6, and 9 months. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) models were constructed to adjust for intra-individual correlations.

MMT response rate after 9 months was 89.9%. Rates of positive heroin urine tests rapidly decreased at the first trimester
(18.1%) and then stabilized during the next 2 trimesters (11.8 and 14.4%). Among patients with continued drug use, frequency
of use decreased from 3.4 to 0.7 time/day. Improvements in HRQL were large over the course of the study and highest in the
psychological domain. Adjusting for propensity score in GEE models, ongoing heroin use during MMT resulted in large decrements
in all HRQL domains.

MMT improved the outcomes of treatment for drug users in ways that might facilitate success of antiretroviral therapy. Integrating
MMT to HIV care and treatment services could be beneficial in injection-driven HIV epidemics in resource-scare settings.