Assessing the measurement invariance of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale across immigrant and non-immigrant women in the postpartum period

To assess the measurement invariance of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) 2 months after delivery
in 656 English-speaking immigrant and non-immigrant women who had at least one other child under 16 and who gave birth in
one of two urban Canadian centers. We also compared levels of depression in these two groups using this scale. Multiple group
confirmatory factor analysis showed that configural, metric and partial scalar invariances were present and allowed for meaningful
substantive comparisons to be made between immigrants and non-immigrants using linear and logistic regressions on an invariant
15-item version of the scale. We observed a novel 4-factor structure for the CES-D in postpartum women and established a 15-item
version of this scale that was invariant across immigrant and non-immigrant groups. This suggests that women conceptualize
postpartum depression (PPD) in similar ways using the 15-item version of this scale and that meaningful substantive comparisons
can be made using it. Indeed, immigrants manifested higher levels of depressive symptoms than non-immigrants (unstandardized
b = 1.34, p = 0.02) and an increased risk of being a potential case of PPD (OR = 2.16, 95%CI 1.10–4.19), even after adjustment for other
risk factors. Immigrant and non-immigrant women appear to conceptualize PPD in similar ways using this 15-item version of
the CES-D. Immigrants may develop more depressive symptoms and be at increased risk of developing an episode of PPD.