Psychologists and other behavioral health professionals working in civilian, military, or Veterans Affairs settings are expected to provide optimal assessment and treatment services to military women and veterans (MWVs). Yet many providers have minimal knowledge and training on the unique psychological stressors and associated mental health issues common to this understudied population. As the number of women in all components of the military continues to grow, the manner in which men and women differentially interpret and react to military service challenges is receiving more attention from scientists and practitioners. In the current article, we highlight eight critical areas for psychologists who conduct assessment, treatment conceptualization, and planning for their MWV patients. Within each of these areas, a brief description of the empirical literature is presented followed by empirically and experientially derived clinical recommendations. Overall, the informational guide presented here will equip psychologists with knowledge, clinical tools, and considerations for the delivery of evidence-informed care to women with current or prior military service. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)