Identity Exploration, Commitment, and Distress: A Cross National Investigation in China, Taiwan, Japan, and the United States

This study tested cross cultural measurement equivalence of three identity constructs by testing the factor invariance among
participants from four nations. Data from measures of identity exploration, commitment, and distress were collected from university
students in Mainland China (n = 85), Taiwan (n = 117), Japan (n = 117), and the United States (n = 223) using the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ) and the Identity Distress Scale (IDS). Invariance was not found
for the Exploration subscale of the EIPQ, and only partial invariance was found for the Commitment subscale. The Identity
Distress Scale did demonstrate invariance across all four samples. Differences varied by degree of Westernization (globalization)
of the cultures under study. The results question the cross cultural validity of the EIPQ, particularly the identity exploration
subscale. Results are discussed in terms of avenues for improving the cross cultural validity of assessments of identity constructs
and implications for interventions that target identity processes to promote positive youth development.