Predicting Changes in Depressive Symptoms from Pregnancy to Postpartum: The Role of Brooding Rumination and Negative Inferential Styles

The current study examined the role of cognitive factors in the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms from pregnancy
into the postpartum period. One hundred and one women were assessed for levels of rumination (brooding and reflection), negative
inferential styles, and depressive symptoms in their third trimester of pregnancy and depressive symptom levels again at 4
and 8 weeks postpartum. We found that, although none of the three cognitive variables predicted women’s initial depressive
reactions following childbirth (from pregnancy to 1 month postpartum), brooding rumination and negative inferential styles
predicted longer-term depressive symptom changes (from pregnancy to 2 months postpartum). However, the predictive validity
of women’s negative inferential styles was limited to women already exhibiting relatively high depressive symptom levels during
pregnancy, suggesting that it was more strongly related to the maintenance of depressive symptoms into the postpartum period
rather than increases in depressive symptoms following childbirth. Modifying cognitive risk factors, therefore, may be an
important focus of intervention for depression during pregnancy.