Australia. This is the first annual performance report for the Indigenous Early Childhood Development National Partnership Agreement (NPA). It provides the latest available information, as well as trends on the six health-related indicators in the NPA. Key findings include that Indigenous mothers had higher rates of low birthweight babies than non-Indigenous mothers and more than half of Indigenous mothers reported smoking during pregnancy. There was a 46% decline in the infant mortality rate for Indigenous infants between 2001 and 2010.