This background paper compares the evidence on the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to intake, investigation and assessment in child protection. These models concern referring vulnerable families into child protection and family support services; screening families’ risks and needs; conducting investigations; and creating and utilising risk and needs assessment instruments. Drawing on both Australian and international research, it identifies themes and issues emerging from these areas and provides a critical review of different approaches to structuring and conducting child protection services, as well as their applicability in the Northern Territory.