In the 1800s, the U.S. saw a boom in state institutions for the confinement of people with mental illness; every state had at least one by 1890. They were called lunatic or insane asylums, but the reasons for admission ranged from “brain fever” and “grief and anxiety” to “laziness,” “religious excitement” and ”desertion by husband,” according to historical records. Conditions varied, but some asylums gained reputations as brutal, overcrowded warehouses where patients were neglected and restrained. Asylums gradually became psychiatric hospitals, but practices didn’t necessarily improve: In the 1900s, they were the settings of since-discredited treatments including lobotomies and induced comas.
Above: The sleeping ward in the State Hospital for the Insane at Milledgeville, Ga., in the 1940s.