Statues of Confederate figures represent only a small portion of the memorial sites under reconsideration in the United States, but much of the political debate about American monuments in recent years has focused on arguments about the motives behind their potential removal, renaming, or modification. Although the contested removal of Confederate statues across the United States has spurred significant public discourse, much work remains to assess the ways in which a changing monumental landscape shapes American political development. This article reviews the evolution of monument controversies, monument protection laws, and relevant scholarship, focusing on the importance of the politics of memory to situate current debates in a long history of political battles over how the American past should be remembered. We discuss the ways in which monument conflicts reflect tensions over American identity and point out some of the most important recurring problems in American monument protection laws.