Public perceptions of social work shape trust, legitimacy and the profession’s capacity to advocate for social justice, yet these perceptions remain poorly understood across global contexts. This scoping review synthesises 32 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and October 2025 to examine (1) how social workers believe they are perceived, (2) public views on social work, and (3) perspectives of professionals and stakeholders, including media and clients. Guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, studies were analysed thematically. Five recurring themes were identified: (1) media influence, (2) public knowledge gaps, (3) trust, (4) social workers’ perceptions of public views, and (5) strategies for shaping perceptions. Despite wide variation in practice contexts, the review found global similarities across these themes, with contextual factors shaping nuance rather than fundamentally different patterns of perception. Public perceptions were shaped by historical and ideological forces as much as by individual encounters with social workers. The findings highlight the need for internationally relevant strategies to strengthen professional visibility and legitimacy. Improving understanding and trust requires increased public engagement alongside critical reflection within the profession, ensuring social workers are recognised as knowledgeable advocates who address structural inequities while supporting individuals, families and communities.