Social workers often face a tough decision: stay or leave their roles or industry. Behind these choices lies the critical factor of person–environment fit, which influences how aligned they feel with their job demands and organizational values. By using two-wave data from the China Social Work Longitudinal Study 2019–22, which includes 2,413 baseline participants and a valid tracking sample of 720 individuals, this study employed Latent Profile Analysis to identify distinct combinations of person–job fit and person–organization fit among social workers. The current study indicated four profiles: Career Seekers, Uncomfortable Callers, Steady Workers, and Perfect Callers. Those with higher person–job fit and person–organization fit showed greater stability, while misfit increased the likelihood of turnover. Alignment with organizational values proved more impactful than job skills in shaping long-term commitment. These findings shed light on the emotional and professional challenges social workers face and offer practical insights for improving workforce retention.