Psychological Assessment, Vol 37(12), Dec 2025, 671-684; doi:10.1037/pas0001403
The purpose of this study was to examine base rates of invalidity and intercorrelations of validity scales on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) in a population of U.S. veterans. All PAIs administered in the Veteran Affairs (N = 36,830) using mental health assistant through 03/2024 were pulled from the Veteran Affairs Corporate Data Warehouse. Basic demographic data and stop codes (codes identifying the type of clinic the measure was administered in) were also pulled. Base rates of invalidity on all known validity scales (N = 18) were calculated in general, cumulatively, and by stop code. Spearman’s correlations were run to compare all validity scales to one another. Broadly, base rates were highest but variable for overreport scales (10.1%–29.9%), with underreport (0.4%–7.5%) and noncontent response (3.4%–4.5%) rates far lower. Large correlations were demonstrated among the various overreport scales, with the exception of Rogers Discriminant Function. Underreport scales were also highly correlated with each other, with the exception of Cashel’s Discriminant Function. Elevations on noncontent response scales were uncommon across the sample. Underreport scales were also rare, save in the context of presurgical evaluations. Overreporting was highest in the disability clinics, lower across clinical assessment clinics, and lowest in the presurgical assessment clinic. Invalidity base rate patterns from this study were generally consistent with a prior study using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form. Results highlight the importance of symptom validity assessment with veterans, most notable for overreporting in disability claims and underreporting in presurgical evaluations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)