Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Between-individuals variation in neural responses to errors and rewards is associated with the degree of risk for developing depression and anxiety, but not all individuals with perturbations in systems that generate these responses go on to develop symptoms. We propose that exposure to stressful life events may determine when these individual differences in neural responses to errors and rewards result in anxiety or depression. In this article, we review key findings and discuss limitations and questions in research on how stressors interact with reward and error processing to predict the development of symptoms. We conclude by outlining future research directions.