Summary
Motivation
Small-scale cross-border trade is critically important to livelihoods and food security in East Africa, but bribes, harassment and violence remain a serious problem. Based on current research, we ask which anti-corruption interventions tend to work to improve the conditions of these traders?
Purpose
This article critically and systematically reviews a growing literature on small-scale cross-border trade, corruption and gender. The aim is to synthesize and assess the current state of knowledge, highlight progress and gaps, and assess the potential of anti-corruption programs to address the needs of traders.
Methods and approach
A systematic literature review with supplementary interviews with traders and policy actors.
Findings
We found research is increasingly drawing on diversifying inter-disciplinary methods and focusing on individual trader behaviours, networks, interactions with state actors and, increasingly, on gendered dynamics; more work might focus on state actors especially the police and what determines how bribes function and their levels. Associations, civil society and the platforms, both informal and formal, by which traders voice concern and confront government officials, as well as how traders choose between formal and informal pathways and how these pathways interact require more attention.
Policy implications
Government reforms like the One Stop Border Post, need to be better tailored to the specific, gendered needs of small-scale cross border traders. Simplifying and reducing formal border procedures, reducing tariffs, information desks and complaints mechanisms need to be improved to enhance access and accountability. Programs that support access to capital, business support, networking, and knowledge around border procedures and promote strong associations to voice the specific needs of small scale traders with government have positive impacts. Police reform tailored to border areas is needed.