Abstract
Background
Because more than three million children are hospitalized every year in the United States, psychosocial and emotional impacts of hospitalization on children cannot be overlooked. As such, a variety of psychosocial support services are offered in pediatric facilities to reduce the negative effects often associated with hospitalization. This review examines current evidence for the effectiveness of common psychosocial interventions for children and youth undergoing medical procedures.
Methods
A total of 34 studies that met selection guidelines, as outlined in the methods section, were included and coded based on study characteristics, intervention type, and study outcomes.
Results
Findings from this literature review indicate that most studies examining the efficacy of psychosocial interventions reported at least positive outcomes for children. Although the review highlighted an overall pattern for improved outcomes following psychosocial intervention, there were some differences in outcomes based on type of intervention. In general, procedural support, preparation, and coping strategies tended to be associated with reduced child anxiety/fear and distress. Procedural support tended to be most commonly associated with reduced pain, although many types of interventions showed some evidence for contributing to reduction in child pain. Procedural support was most consistently associated with improved procedural success.
Conclusions
This systematic review illustrates the benefits of offering psychosocial interventions, such as procedural support, preparation, teaching coping strategies, and medical play, that support children undergoing medical procedures. There is a need for additional studies that examine psychosocial interventions, including studies that examine long-term outcomes post-procedure or hospitalization. Furthermore, more studies need to collect cost-analysis information specific to the use of psychosocial interventions.