Anthony Richmond, in Global Apartheid (1994), suggests that refugees, racism and the new world order are integrally tied to social spatial segregation of peoples. The word apartheid literally means “aparthood” (neighbour-hood), that is, the separation of people into different areas. The principle of separation as a means of social control has a long history in Canada, and includes the expulsion of the Acadians from the Maritimes in 1756 (see HISTORY OF ACADIA), the separation of UPPER CANADA and LOWER CANADA, the creation of INDIAN RESERVES, the formation of separate Catholic and Protestant SCHOOL SYSTEMS, and the separation of racial groups. On the other hand, Chinese, Jews and Hutterites often choose to live separately voluntarily.