A review of the Australian criminological literature leaves little doubt as to why drug treatment has been integrated as a key component of the Australian criminal justice systems’ response to drug dependency among criminal offenders. The Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program, for example, estimated in 2008 that 65 percent of adult offenders detained by the police had tested positive to at least one drug (Gaffney et al. 2010). An even higher proportion self-reported illegal drug use in the past 12 months (67%), while 41 percent self-reported being drug dependent